计算机组成与结构：chapter12 CPU Structure and Function.pptVIP

Computer Organization ArchitectureChapter 12CPU Structure and Function 12.1 Processor organizationSteps of CPU executing the instruction:Fetch instructionsInterpret instructions/decoding instructionsFetch dataProcess dataWrite dataTo do these things, CPU must contain ALU, CUAlso, CPU needs to store some data temporarily including the location of next instruction. Thus, CPU needs a small internal memory -- registers CPU With Systems Bus Internal Structure of The CPU 12.2 Register OrganizationDef. : working space for temporary storage in CPUNumber and function vary between processor designsOne of the major design decisionsLocated in top level of memory hierarchyThe registers in the CPU serve two functions:User-visible registersProgrammer can use these registers to reduce accessing main memoryControl and status registersUsed by CU and privileged program (OS) to control the execution of user’ programs User Visible Registers We may characterize user visible registers as four categories:General PurposeDataAddressCondition Codes General Purpose RegistersMay be true general purposeMay be restrictedThere may be dedicated registers for floating-point and stack operationsMay be used for data or addressingDataAccumulatorAddressingSegment pointers, index register, stack pointers Design issues considerations of RegistersMake them general purposeIncrease flexibility and programmer optionsIncrease instruction size complexityMake them specializedSmaller (faster) instructionsPop, PushLess flexibility How Many Registers?Between 8 – 32Fewer = more memory referencesMore does not noticeably reduce memory references and takes up processor real estateIn some RISC system, hundreds of registers is exhibited How long should a register be?Large enough to hold the largest addressLarge enough to hold values of most data typesOften possible to combine two data registersC programmingdouble int a;long int a; Condition Code RegistersBits set by CPU hardware as the res