《无机化学》课件-161_Chapter18-group14elements-lecture1.pptVIP

Chapter 18 Carbon group elements The elements of Group 14 (the carbon group) are of fundamental importance in industry and nature.18-1 introduction The lightest members of the group, carbon and silicon, are nonmetals, germanium is a metalloid, and tin and lead are metals. This increase in metallic properties on descending a group is a striking feature of the p block and can be understood in terms of the increasing atomic radius and associated decrease in ionization energy down the group Because the ionization energies of the heavier elements are low, the metals form cations increasingly readily down the group.18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction As the valence configuration ns2np2 suggests, the 4 oxidation state is dominant in the compounds of the elements. The major exception is lead, for which the most common oxidation state is 2, two less than the group maximum. The relative stability of the low oxidation state is an example of the inert-pair effect which is such a striking feature of the heaviest p-block elements.18-1 introduction The electronegativities of carbon and silicon are similar to that of hydrogen and they form many covalent hydrogen and alkyl compounds. Carbon and silicon are strong oxophiles and fluorophiles, in the sense that they have high affinities for the hard anions O2- and F-, respectively . Their oxophilic character is evident in the existence of an extensive series of oxoanions, the carbonates and silicates. In contrast, Pb2+ forms more stable compounds with soft anions, such as I- and S2-, than with hard anions, and is therefore classified as chemically soft.18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-1 introduction 18-2 Carbon group elements 18-2 Carbon group elements 18-2 Carbon group elements 18-2 Carbon group elements 18-2 Ca