《无机化学》课件-93_Chapter-9AtomicStructure-lecture4.pptVIP

Inorganic Chemistry Chapter 9 Atomic Structure * Yireee Jhgkjhjh Chapter 9 Atomic Structure Lecture 4 ? So far, all the conclusions we got are deduced from hydrogen atom, the simplest atom. How must our description of atomic electronic struc- ture change when we discuss atoms with two or more electrons? ? Fortunately, we can describe an atom with more than one electron(a many-electron atom)in terms of orbitals like those for hydrogen. Further, these orbitals have the same shapes as the corresponding hydrogen orbitals. 9.3. Structure of many-electron atom ★ In hydrogen the energy of an orbital depends only on its principal quantum number, n. In a many- electron atom, however, the electron-electron repulsions cause different subshells to be at differ- ent energies. ★ How about the orbital energy in a many-electron atom compared with the corresponding hydrogen orbitals ? S轨道 p轨道 d轨道 Orbital energy level of hydrogen atom ?Note that all orbitals with the same value for the principal quantum number, n, have the same energy. This is true only in one-electron systems Energy level of hydrogen orbital Energy level of many electron atom orbital Why ? Factors Affecting Atomic Orbital Energies Additional electron in the same orbital An additional electron raises the orbital energy through electron-electron repulsions. Additional electrons in inner orbitals Inner electrons shield outer electrons more effectively than do electrons in the same sublevel. Higher nuclear charge lowers orbital energy (stabilizes the system) by increasing nucleus-electron attractions. The Effect of Nuclear Charge (Zeffective) The Effect of Electron Repulsions (Shielding) 9.3.1 Shielding effect — The inner electron are said to shield or screen the outer electron from the full charge of the nucleus. Li 1s2 2s1 Li 1s2 2s1 The effect of another electron in the