《无机化学》课件-103_Chapter-10MolecularStructure-lecture2.pptVIP

Chapter 10Molecular StructureLecture 2 10.1.3 Hybridization Theory— First proposed by Pauling (1931) Purpose —— to explain the molecular geometry In order to explain the existence of the structures of atoms and molecules that correspond to the geometric patterns, chemists have found it necessary to develop Hybridization Theory. Linus Pauling, 1901-1994The only person to receive two unshared Nobel prizes (for Peace and Chemistry). Chemistry areas: bonding, electronegativity, protein structure Hybridization Theory says that atoms involved in the formation of covalently bonded molecules will undergo structural changes in their valence level atomic orbitals. They will convert their atomic orbitals into a new set of orbitals called Hybrid Orbitals. The Hybrid Orbitals will have some characteristics of the original atomic orbitals, but differ somewhat in their geometric configurations. Tetrahedral Geometry Type of hybridization:sp 、sp2、sp3、sp2d、 sp3d、sp3d2、d2sp3 ···Constitution of hybridization:? Equivalent hybridization ? nonequivalent hybridizationHybridization: — the process of combining two or more atomic orbitals to create new orbitals, called hybrids, that will fulfill the geometric demands of the system. whenever we mix a certain number of atomic orbitals, we get thesame number of hybrid orbitals. If eachof these hybrid orbitals is Equivalent tothe others but points in a differentdirection.1.3.1 Equivalent Hybridization— equivalent hybridization In order to make 2 hybrid orbitals, the atom will blend together 1 s orbital and 1 p orbital. The result is 2 orbitals known as —— sp hybrids. Two unhybridized p orbitals are left over. These two orbitals will be arranged in a straight line, or in a linear fashion, with the orbitals pointing away from the nucleus of the atom. 1. sp hybridization sp orbi