《无机化学》课件-91_Chapter-9AtomicStructure-lecture3.pptVIP

Chapter 9Atomic StructureLecture 3 9.2.3. Shapes of atomic orbital  and electron cloudWhat are the shapes of the orbitals? Strictly speaking, an orbital does not have a well-defined shape because the wave function characterizing the orbital extends from the nucleus to infinity(a function of possibility). In that sense it is difficult to say what an orbital looks like. On the other hand, it is certainly convenient to think of orbitals in terms of specific shapes, particularly in discussing the formation of chemical bonds between atoms. Each type of orbital (s, p, d, or f) has a particular shape. ?n,l,m(r，?，?) = Rn,l(r)·Yl,m(?，?) A wave function is expressed as:1. Spacial shapes of electron cloudThe possibility density of electron is described by Spacial shapes of electron cloud Probability density（?2 ） — Probability of an electron  appearing in a unit volume  part in space.dv ? the density of small black dots mean ?2 ■ electron cloud(电子云) —— the visualization of the distribution of possibility density （?2 ） of an electron appearing in space. In most cases, it is difficult to draw a whole figure of an orbital or an electron cloud, so we separate the wave function(?n,l,m(r，?，?) ) into two parts, angular function( Yl,m(?，?) ) and radial function( Rn,l(r) ). ?n,l,m(r，?，?) = Rn,l(r)·Yl,m(?，?)  Rn,l(r): radial wave function —— regulated by n and l Yl,m(?，?): Angular Wave Function —— regualted by l and mThen, we picture them respectively. 2. Angular Distribution Shapes of  wave function and electron cloudPlotting method： Like any other graph, it simply plots the value of a function (Yl,m(?，?) ) versus the variable (?，or ?，?). Let us picture Pz (1) Shapes of angular wave functionYl,m(?，?) ) versus (?，or ?，?) ?/degree03090150180COSθ 1.000.8660-0.866-1.00Y（PZ） 0.4890.4230-0.423-0.489Y2（PZ） 0.2390.17900.17