《无机化学》课件-115_Chapter-11SolidStructure-lecture3.pptVIP

Chapter 11Solid StructureLecture 3 4-1 分子晶体11.4 Intermolecular forces  and Molecular CrystalIntermolecular forces(INTERF):  — the forces between molecules. Intramolecular forces(INTRAF): — the forces that hold atoms together in molecules. A major difference between INTERF and INTRAF is their strength. INTERF are weak compared to INTRAF (true chemical bonds). Generally, their strength is less than one-tenth that of a single covalent bond. Polarity results from the uneven partial charge distribution between various atoms in a compound. 11.4.1 Dipole Moment and  Polarizability of MoleculesAtoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and halogens, that are more electronegative have a tendency to have partial negative charges. Atoms, such as carbon and hydrogen, have a tendency to be more neutral or have partial positive charges.1. Polarity and Dipole Moment of Molecules Electrons in a polar covalent bond are unequally  shared between the two bonded atoms, which  results in partial positive and negative charges. The  separation of the partial charges creates a dipole. The word dipole means two poles: the separated  partial positive and negative charges. A polar  molecule results when a molecule contains polar  bonds in an unsymmetrical arrangement. ??????????????????????????? H Fδ+ δ- Dipole moment of molecule Even though the total charge on a molecule is  zero, the nature of chemical bonds is such that  the positive and negative charges do not  completely overlap in most molecules. ? Such molecules are said to be polar because  they possess a permanent dipole moment. ? The more the dipole moment, the more the  polarity of the molecule Nonpolar molecules are of two types. Molecules  whose atoms have equal or nearly equal  electronegativities have zero or very small dipole  moments. A second type of nonpolar molecule has  polar bonds, but the molecular geomet