《无机化学》课件-156_Chapter17-group15elements-lecture1.pptVIP

Chapter 17 group 15 elements 17-1 Introduction The Group 15 elements—nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth—are some of the most important elements for life, geology, and industry. They range from gaseous nitrogen to metallic bismuth. 17-1 IntroductionAs in the rest of the p block, the element at the head of Group 15, nitrogen, differs significantly from its congeners. Its coordination number is generally lower and it is the only member of the group to exist as a gaseous, diatomic molecule under normal conditions. 17-1 Introduction 17-1 IntroductionAll the members of the group other than N are solids under normal conditions. However, the trend to increasing metallic character down the group is not clear-cut because the electrical conductivities of the heavier elements actually decrease from As to Bi. The normal increase in conductivity down a group reflects the closer spacing of the atomic energy levels in heavier elements and hence a smaller separation of the valence and conduction bands. The opposite trend in conductivity in this group suggests that there must be a more pronounced molecular character in the solid state. White phosphorus is a waxy solid consisting of tetrahedral P4 molecules. Despite the small PPP angle (60°), the molecules persist in the vapour up to about 800°C, but above that temperature the equilibrium concentration of P2 becomes appreciable. White phosphorus is very reactive and burstsinto flame in air to yield P4O10. Red phosphorus can be obtained by heating white phosphorus at 300°C in an inert atmosphere for several days. It is normally obtained as an amorphous solid, but crystalline materials can be prepared that have very complex three-dimensional network structures. Unlike white phosphorus, red phosphorus does not ignite readily in air. When phosphorus is heated under high pressure, a series of phases of black phosphorus are formed, the thermodynamically most stable form. One of the phases consists of puckered layers comp