[厦大考研 细胞生物学]Signaling付瑞.pdfVIP

Signal molecule: extracellular or intracellular, trigger response to environment Receptor protein: bind signal molecule and relay signal down pathway Intracellular signaling protein: distribute signal to appropriate parts, may involve many proteins, mainly through conformational change of proteins and amplifying signal Target protein: altered at the end of pathway, may be enzymes to alter metabolism, or gene regulatory proteins to alter gene expression or cytoskeletal proteins to alter cell shape or movement Signal molecules: 1.extracellular and hydrophilic 2.intracellular, hydrophobic or small, able to permeate the cell membrane(may need carrier proteins to carry outside the cell) Signaling: 1.contact-dependent—cell communication with signal molecule bound to the signaling cell, influencing cells with physical contact 2.paracrine signaling—cell secrete signal molecules into local area, acting on adjacent cells in short range. 3.synaptic signaling—occurring across chemical synapses in the nervous system.( selective and fast) 4.endocrine signaling—secreted signal molecules travel through the blood to distant locations throughout the body, usually as a hormone from a gland cell. 1 读万卷书 行万里路 Autocrine: Cell secretes signal molecules that act on itself or adjacent cells of the same type. Signal becomes stronger with the number of identical signaling cells. Often adopted by cancer cells to overcome normal controls on proliferation and survival. Encourage cells to respond as coordinate group. NO: The binding of acetylcholine to the outer surface of an endothelial cell signals a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, activating nitric oxide synthase to form NO. NO diffuses across the plasma membrane and into adjacent smooth muscle cells. It bin