数量经济学课件-统计概述.PPTVIP

统计概述 Summary of Statistics Statistical Thinking and Management 统计思想与管理 Three Aspects of Quality Improvement Management Philosophy 管理哲学 Behavioral Tools 行为工具 Statistical Methods 统计方法 Statistical Methods Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Collecting and describing data. Making decisions based on sample data. 统计描述 统计推断 统计描述 收集资料、整理资料、描述资料 Collect Data e.g. Survey Present Data e.g. Tables and Graphs Characterize Data e.g. Mean A Characteristic of a: (1) Population is a Parameter (2) Sample is a Statistic. 统计推断 参数估计、假设检验 Estimation Hypothesis Testing Making decisions concerning a population based on sample results. Types of Data 分类资料、数字资料（离散、连续） Data Sources （观测、调研、实验）（数据编辑、出版及电子介质） Primary Data Collection Secondary Data Compilation Observation Experimentation Survey Print or Electronic Quota Types of Sampling Methods 抽样方法类型 Samples Non-Probability Samples 非概率抽样 Judgement Chunk Probability Samples 概率抽样 Simple Random Systematic Stratified Cluster 概率抽样 Probability Samples Simple Random Systematic Stratified Cluster Subjects of the sample are chosen based on known probabilities. Simple Random Samples 简单随机抽样 Every individual or item from the target frame has an equal chance of being selected. Selection may be with replacement or without replacement. One may use table of random numbers for obtaining samples. Systematic Samples 系统抽样 Decide on sample size: n Divide population of N individuals into groups of k individuals: k = N/n Randomly select one individual from the 1st group. Select every k-th individual thereafter. N = 64 n = 8 k = 8 First Group Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 2/e ?1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chapter 1 Student Lecture Notes 1-* Chapter 1 Instructor Notes 1-*