医学微生物学课件-微生物感染的预防原则.pptVIP

Chemotherapy GAG Integrase polymerase Chemotherapy Saquinavir 人工被动免疫预防 胎盘丙种球蛋白 人血清丙种球蛋白 特异性免疫球蛋白 乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白 真菌感染预防 无特异性的相应疫苗 真菌的表面抗原性弱，无法制备有效的预防性疫苗 皮肤癣菌感染 注意皮肤卫生；保持鞋袜清洁、干燥；避免与患者及其污染的物品直接接触 深部真菌感染 提高机体的免疫力 真菌性食物中毒 严禁销售和食用发霉的食品 小结 微生物感染的预防原则 特异性免疫的分类 　生物制品 细菌感染的特异性预防 人工主动免疫常用的生物制品 人工被动免疫的生物制品 病毒感染的特异性预防 人工主动免疫预防 人工被动免疫预防 真菌感染的预防原则 抗病毒药物 抗病毒药物（Chemotherapy） Bacteria Many antibiotics Highly selective Viruses Use host cell metabolism Selectivity difficult Toxicity Chemotherapy Key is selectivity Other problems Toxicity Rapid excretion Rapid metabolism Poor absorption Chemotherapy Ideal Drug Water soluble Chemically and metabolically stable Easily absorbed (apolar) NOT Toxic Carcinogenic Allergenic Mutagenic Teratogenic Chemotherapy Therapeutic index (T.I.) Minimum dose toxic to cell Minimum dose toxic to virus Effective drug: T.I. = 100-1000 Chemotherapy Principle Interfere with: A specific viral function e.g. enzyme A cellular function that the virus needs so that it cannot replicate If interfere with cellular function either: It must be crucial to virus but not the cell or Only the virus-infected cell must be killed (activation of drug in the infected cell only?) Chemotherapy Viral enzymes Nucleic acid polymerases DNA-dependent DNA polymerase - DNA viruses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase - RNA viruses RNA dependent DNA polymerase (RT) - Retroviruses Protease Integrase Neuraminidase Chemotherapy 1962 Idoxuridine （疱疹净） Pyrimidine analog Toxic Topical - Epithelial herpetic keratitis 1983 Acyclovir （无环鸟苷） Purine analog Sugar modification Chain terminator Anti-herpes Selective to virus-infected cells 1990’s Protease inhibitors Chemotherapy Amantadine（金刚烷胺）: 1966 Rimantadine: 1993 Only effective against ‘flu A (200mg/day) Marginally effective therapeutically Prophylaxis: Reduce flu by 90% Since disease usually mild and avoidable not used much here Chemotherapy Nucleic Acid Synthesis Polymerases are often virally encoded Other enzyme