量子力学学习课件第四章英文版.pptxVIP

Chapter 4: Quantum Mechanics in Three Dimension4.1 Schr?dinger Equation in Spherical Coodinates4.2 The Hydrogen Atom4.3 Angular Momentum4.4 Spin 4.1 Schodinger equation in spherical coodinates The general solutionstationary states verify: Spherical coordinatesThe Laplacian The Schrodinger Equation in Spherical Coordinates: 4.1.1 Separation of VariablesRadial equationAngular equation 4.1.2 The Angular EquationFurther separation:And then:m must be integer,why? ? equation Physical condition This is spherical harmonics 4.1.3 The Radial Equation Radial equation:Variables change: Effective potential:Then, this is an one-dimensional-Schrodinger equationNormalization: Angular partRadial part Example 4.1 the infinite spherical wellChange variablesIn the well If General solution:Consider boundary condition: ifSolution:Spherical Bessel functionSpherical Neumann functionBoundary condition: B=0 Where is the nth zero of the th Bessel function 4.2 The Hydrogen AtomWhat is the probability of electron density? The angular equation:The angular function: 4.2.1 The radial wave functionThe radial equation: The radial equation:Asymptotic behaviors: The solution would be as: We assume the solution can be expressed as a power series:then:for very lage j The series must terminatefor boundary condition:So-called principal quantumNumber: Ground state energyBinding energy:Radial wave function: Radial solution is equivalent to associateLaguerre polynomials: The normalized hydrogen wave functions are:Bohr radius: Surfaces of density Electronic distribution 4.2.2 The Spectrum of HydrogenSpectroscopy ofhydrogen Energy levelEnergy transitionRydberg constant 4.3 Angular momentumThe angular-momentumoperator 4.3.1 eigenvaluesFundamental commutation relationsSo we can hope to find simultaneous eigenstates of and We will use a “ladder operator” technich There must exist a “top rung” anda “bottom rung”Now there is:It follows that:therefore: Because the eigenvalue of goes fr