安师大环境土壤学讲义07土壤形成和发育.docVIP

PAGE PAGE 75 UNITE 2 SOIL ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES第二篇 土壤环境过程 07. Soil Formation and Development 07土壤形成和发育 目的要求 掌握土壤形成影响因素及其在土壤中的作用，土壤形成过程的实质与主要成土过程。了解不同土壤的发育过程。 7.1 Soil-forming factors and its functions 土壤形成因素及其在土壤发生中的作用 7.1.1 Soil-forming factors土壤形成因素 The operation of pedogenic processes is controlled by a number of environmental factors operating through the medium of time and that these determine the type of soil produced in any particular location. 土壤形成因素又称成土因素，是影响土壤形成和发育的基本因素，它是一种物质、力、条件或关系或它们的组合，其已经对土壤形成发生影响或将影响土壤的形成。 7.1.1.1成土因素学说：In later nineteenth-century Russia, Dokuchaev originally identified the principal factors as climate, biota, parent material, relief and landscape age. The influence of environment factors on soil formation was considered in a more systematic manner following the work of Jenny(1941). Soil = f (cl, o, r, p, t, (h) ……) clorpt函数式 五大自然成土因素：母质（parent material）、生物（organisms）、气候（climate）、地形（relief）、时间（time）。 成土因素：五大自然成土因素、人为因素(human active) 7.1.1.2成土因素学说的基本原理： （1）土壤是成土因素综合作用的结果 The operation of pedogenic processesis controlled by a number of environmental factors operating through the medium of time and that these determine the type of soil produced in any particular location. （2）成土因素具有同等重要性和不可替代性 The soil-forming factors operate in combination. It is not possible to rank them in order of importance –they are all equally important, although within any one environment certain factors may have a more dominant influence on soil formation than others. （3）成土因素的时空分异导致土壤演化持续进行 7.1.1.3地带性土壤（Zonalsoils）： At the regional and global scale, climate and biota will have a dominant influence on soil formation, and soil types can be related in general terms to bioclimatic zones. The remaining factors will then account for variations in soil formation within a particular bioclimatic zone. Zonal soils: soil varied with latitude according to climatic and vegetation conditions. Intrazonal soils: soils were more closely as