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- 2023-06-07 发布于湖北
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02. Soil Organic Matter
02土壤有机质
目的要求:
要求学生掌握土壤有机质的概念、来源、含量与组成,土壤有机质分解与转化,土壤有机质的主体腐殖质的形成与性质,土壤有机质在土壤肥力上和生态环境方面的作用与管理。
有机质是土壤的重要组成部分,在土壤肥力、环境保护、农业可持续发展等方面都有着非常重要的作用和意义。
土壤有机质是指存在于土壤中的所有含碳的有机物,包括土壤中各种动、植物残体,微生物体及其分解和合成的各种有机物。
2.1土壤有机质的来源、含量及组成
2.1 Source, content and composition of SOM
2.1.1 Sources of SOM 土壤有机质的来源
Soil organic matter is derived from a number of sources (Fig.), of which the most important is plant litter. This consists of a variety of plant debris including leaves, stems, flowers, twigs, bark, and the large branches and trunks of trees.
Other soil organic components include soil organic matter, plant roots, root exudates, soil organisms together with their faecal remains and metabolites, and organic substances washed into the soil from vegetation.
The soil organic fraction is derived from vegetation and organisms.
土壤有机质主要来源是各种植物残体(redidue: dead plant part),其化学组成和各种成分的含量,因植物种类、器官、年龄等的不同而有很大差异,从而导致土壤有机质的差异。
Forest soil(森林土壤):枯枝落叶(lither)
Steppe soil(草原土壤):草、根系(grass and root system)
Cultivated soil(耕作土壤):作物残茬(crop residue)、施用的有机肥
Forest soil(森林土壤):酸性有机质(acid organic mater)
Steppe soil(草原土壤):中性有机质(neutral organic mater)
2.1.2 SOM content and composition 土壤有机质的含量和组成
1.含量
土壤学中,一般把耕层含有机质20%以上的土壤,称为有机质土壤,在20%以下的土壤,称为矿质土壤,但耕作土壤中,表层有机质的含量通常在5%以下。
土壤有机质含量与气候、植被、地形、土壤类型、农耕措施密切相关。不同土壤中含量差异很大。目前,我国土壤有机质含量普遍偏低。总体而言,北方土壤有机质含量高于南方土壤。
SOM concentration in typical zonal soils (A horizon) of China
Regions
Num.
Arithmetic mean
(g kg-1)
Min.
(g kg-1)
Median
(g kg-1)
Max.
(g kg-1)
Geometric mean*
(g kg-1)
Whole country
886
32.3
1.3
21.8
241.0
22.9bd
Northeastern China
199
32.5
4.9
24.5
127.8
25.7cd
Eastern China
86
26.3
5.1
19.0
115.2
20.0ab
Southern China
113
29.0
3.1
23.1
144.3
23.9bc
Northern China
175
26.0
4.0
19.2
182.3
18.4a
Northwestern China
216
31.8
1.3
16.1
241.0
19.5a
Southwestern China
97
53.6
7.4
39.6
184.7
40.4e
2. 组成
元素组成Elementary composition
In terms of its chemical composition, organic matt
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