高中化学选择性必修第二册笔记.docxVIP

高中化学选择性必修第二册笔记 能级和能层是描述原子电子分布的重要概念。能层是根据外层电子能量高低区分的，能级则是在同一能层中根据电子能量再次区分的。基态原子和激发态原子的光谱表现也是原子结构的重要方面。构造原理和电子排布式则是描述电子在能层和能级中排布的规律。电子云和电子轨道则是描绘电子在原子核外的分布形态的概念。 能层和能级的概念是描述原子电子分布的基础。能层按照外层电子能量高低排序，能级则是在同一能层中根据电子能量再次区分。能级和能层的电子排布规律是构造原理和电子排布式。基态原子和激发态原子的光谱表现也是原子结构的重要方面。 电子云是描述电子在原子核外的分布形态的概念。电子在原子核外围以随机概率出现，把电子在原子核外90%出现的区域圈出来，即成为电子云。不同能级的电子云呈现不同的形状，s能级的电子云为球形，能层越高，它的s能级电子云的球半径越大，p能级的电子云为哑铃状，d、f等能级的电子云是更加复杂的立体形状。 原子轨道是描述电子在原子核外运动的概念。每个能级中的电子有不同的轨道，轨道的形状和能级有关。s能级的轨道是球形的，p能级的轨道是沿着三个互相垂直的方向排列的，d能级的轨道更加复杂，有五个不同的形状。 An atomic orbital refers to the spatial motion state of an electron outside the nucleus. The relationship between energy levels and atomic orbitals is as follows: Energy levels: s, p, d, f Orbital numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7 3. Paulis principle Two electrons in the same atomic orbital have opposite spin directions, represented as ↑↓. 4. Hunds rule Electrons in different orbitals of the same energy level always occupy the lowest energy level first to minimize the systems energy. The structure of fully occupied, half-occupied, and fully unoccupied atomic orbitals can also reduce the systems energy. For example, the ground state of Cr atom is: [Ar]3d5↑↑↑↑↑4s1↑, and the ground state of Cu atom is: [Ar]3d10↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓4s1↑. 5. Electron configuration diagram The electron configuration can be represented in the form of an atomic orbital diagram, which shows all the orbitals and the electrons they contain. For example, O: 1s2↑↓2s2↑↓2p4↑↓, N: 1s2↑↓2s2↑↓2p3↑, Ne: 1s2↑↓2s2↑↓2p6↑↓↑↑↑↓↑↑↑↓2. Section 2: Atomic Structure and Properties of Elements 1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Table of Elements 1. The Development of the Periodic Table of Elements In 1869, Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing relative atomic mass, starting with hydrogen, and assigned them atomic numbers. The periodic law describes the periodic variations in element properties with increasing atomic number. In 1913, British physicist Moseley proved that atomic number is the same as nuclear charge. The