博弈论的基本要素.ppt

上一讲内容回顾;通俗理解博弈论;3;上述问题都有如下共同点 都有若干决策者，我们称之为参与人(players) N-人博弈问题的决策者集合，习惯上也用N表示 针对具体问题，参与人可以是 个人 一个政府 公司的整个董事会 ;5;6;对参与人的理解;博弈论对参与人做两个基本假设;（1）存在一组可供选择的备选或替代方案； （2）每一种方案均对应着某种特定的预期净收益或满足程度或目标实现程度； （3）人们总是选择那个能够带来最大预期净收益的方案。 （西蒙，1964）;2 智能的（intelligent）?;参与人都存在若干策略(strategies)或行动（actions） 参与人i的策略用si表示，参与人i的所有策略构成的集合称为策略集，记为Si , si∈ Si 注意行动与策略的区别 ;12;13;支付（收益、效用）(payoff) 各参与人对所有参与人不同策略组合(strategy profile)，构成了博弈的一个局势。记为 s 参与人 i (i∈N)对局势s 有一个主观的偏好，可用一个函数表示这种偏好，这个偏好函数称为参与人 i 的支付 ;15;参与人、各参与人的策略集、各参与人的支付函数，是博弈最重要的基本要素。; ?1：博弈的基本特征是一个参与人 的支付不仅取决于自己的策略选择，而且取决于所有其他参与人的策略选择；是策略组合的函数。 ?2：效用是参与人真正关心的东西，参与人在博弈中的目标就是选择自己的策略以最大化自己的效用函数。;18;19;20;21;An item of information in a game is common knowledge if all of the players know it and all of the players know that all other players know it and all other players know that all other players know that all other players know it, and so on. This is much more than simply saying that something is known by all, but also implies that the fact that it is known is also known by all, etc. ;Consider a simple example of two allied armies situated on opposite hilltops waiting to attack their foe. Neither commander will attack unless he is sure that the other will attack at exactly the same time. The first commander sends a messenger to the other hilltop with the message I plan to attack in the morning. The messengers journey is perilous and he may die on the way to delivering the message. ;If he gets to the other hilltop and informs the other commander - can we be certain that both will attack in the morning? Note that both commanders now know the message, but the first cannot be sure that the second got the message. Thus, common knowledge implies not only that both know some piece of information, but can also be absolutely confident that the rest know it, and that the rest know that we know it, and so on. ;共同知识趣题;博弈概念的理解 ;Definition of a Game;28;29;30;31;课程主要内容;完全信息静态博弈概念;完全信息静态博弈概念;博弈的策略式表述;博弈的策略式表述;对于给定的参与人i, i=1,2,…N, 卡氏积