考研英语阅读理解模拟试题医学.docxVIP

考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（ 1） One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory， which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord， loss of job， and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol； that is， alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern， therefore， favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking. Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker， while the pull toward food was unchanged. The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism. The discomfort， pain， and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol. In fact ， the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization ： conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear ， the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus ， thus triggering another time of drinking. The role of punishment is becoming increas