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Fast DAC Solutions for Future High Symbol Rate Systems 1* 1 2 1 X. Chen , S. Chandrasekhar , P. Pupalaikis , and P. Winzer 1 Nokia Bell Labs, New Jersey 07733, USA 2 edyne LeCroy, New York 10977, USA xi.v.chen@n : We review electronic digital-to- og converter (DAC) with sampling rates beyond 200 GSa/s and og electrical bandwidths of 100 GHz using digital bandwidth interleaving. These allow the all-electronic generation of up to 195-GBaud electrical and 180- Gbaud optical modulation formats. OCIS codes: (060.2330) Fiber optics communications; (060.4080) Modulation. 1. Introduction Higher symbol rates are needed in future optical communication systems to rease system capacity while maintaining a reasonable number of individually modulated optical carriers (see Refs. 1-19, record numbers are summarized in Table 1). Relatively high symbol rates can be generated electronically via one single DAC. The fastest available CMOS-integrated DACs have a sampling rate of 92 GSa/s at 8 bits of nominal resolution and a 6- dB bandwidth of 20 GHz [10]. The fastest SiGe DACs sample at 100 GSa/s using a nominal 6 bits at a 3-dB bandwidth of 40 GHz [11]. Using SiGe DACs, generation of 72-GBaud 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM) has been demonstrated [2]. At a lower resolution of 3 bits, but a differential output voltage swing of 4 V, 90-GBaud 64-QAM h