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chapter22ClinicaldiabetesmedicationClinicalpharmacology
\TheDifferencebetweentype1andtype2Characteristicstype1diabetesmellitustype2diabetesmellitusEtiologygeneticfactors,environmentalfactors,viralinfection,autoimmunedamageandgeneticfactorsgeneticfactors(comparedwitht1)environmentalfactorEatmore,lessdynamic,obesity,agingmorbidityrateabout0.5%(<10)2-10%(>90)Onsetagemorethan30yearsold,peak12-14yearsoldmorethan40yearsold,peak60-65yearsoldOnsetweightnormalweightorthin60%-80%overweightorobeseonsetconditionMostacuteonset,symptomstypicaOnsetslow,canbealongtimewithoutsymptomsComplicationsofacutemetabolicdisordeKetosisprone,pronetoketoacidosisKetosispronesmall,over50yearsoldispronetohighglucosehypertonicsyndromeInsulin/CpeptideLoworlacNormalorelevatedreleasepeakdelayTreatmentinsulindependentdiet+exercise+OADinsulin
NaturalcourseofdiabetesenvironmentalfactorViralinfectionSelfimmunityenvironmentalfactorObesityNutritionandhealthphysicalactivityEarlyDiabeticHighbloodglucoseandrelatedclinicalmanifestationsComplicationsandrelatedperformanceRetinopathyRenaldiseasesatherosclerosisNeuropathyGoblindRenalfailureMiocardialinfarctionApoplexyamputationDeathDisabilityGeneticfactorsDiabetesmellitusComplicationLateDiabetic
Diabetesmellitus(DM),commonlyreferredtoasdiabetes,isagroupofmetabolicdiseasesinwhichtherearehighbloodsugarlevelsoveraprolongedperiod.Symptomsofhighbloodsugarincludefrequenturination,increasedthirst,andincreasedhunger.Ifleftuntreated,diabetescancausemanycomplications.Acutecomplicationscanincludediabeticketoacidosis,nonketotichyperosmolarcoma,ordeath.Seriouslong-termcomplicationsincludeheartdisease,stroke,chronickidneyfailure,footulcers,anddamagetotheeyes.Diabetesmellitus
Fastingplasmaglucoselevel≥7.0mmol/l(126mg/dl)Plasmagl
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