地球陨石坑地球物理探测研究进展.pdfVIP

地球陨石坑地球物理探测研究进展

摘要：地球物理探测在研究和发现撞击构造方面发挥着重要作用.

本文综述了地球陨石坑的重、磁、电、震等常见地球

物理特征.

陨石坑最明显的地球物理特征是圆形或环形的负重力异常，其主要原因是岩石破裂和角砾化导致岩石密度降低；

具有较低的磁异常，细节特征复杂，其主要原因是撞击熔融降低了陨石坑内部岩石的磁化率，陨石撞击后的改造则造成了复

杂的细节特征；简单陨石坑具有较高的电导率，复杂陨石坑具有从中央隆起向周缘升高的电导率，其受控于岩石的破碎程度

和上覆沉积层的含水量，破碎程度、含水量越高电导率越高；具有低的地震波速，主要原因是破碎的角砾岩和断裂具有相对

原岩更低的波速.

此外，地震反射波探测发现陨石坑撞击构造有明显凹形特征.

国际上已开展了大量陨石坑的地球物理探测研

究，而我国现有被发现且证实的陨石坑不仅数量稀少，其相关的地球物理探测研究更是不多见.

通过对国内外陨石坑的常见

地球物理特征开展综述和总结，不仅可为我国发现更多潜在的陨石坑提供科学参考和依据，同时也为公众认识和了解撞击构

造提供可靠的科普素材，进而有效拓展地球陨石坑的科研和人文价值.

关键词：撞击构造；重力异常；磁异常；电性结构；地震波速结构

RecentprogressofgeophysicalexplorationinEarthsimpactcraters

Abstract:

Geophysical

exploration

plays

an

important

role

in

detecting

and

studying

impact

structures.

This

article

reviews

the

common

geophysical

features

of

Earths

impact

craters,

including

their

gravity,

magnetic,

elec-

trical,

and

seismic

characteristics.

The

most

obvious

geophysical

feature

of

impact

craters

is

the

circular

or

ring-

shaped

negative

gravity

anomaly,

which

is

mainly

caused

by

rock

fracture

and

brecciation

resulting

in

lower

rock

density.

Low

magnetic

anomalies

with

complex

details

are

mainly

due

to

impact

melting

reducing

the

magnetic

sus-

ceptibility

of

rocks

inside

the

crater

and

post-impact

modification

resulting

in

complex

detailed

features.

High

elec-

trical

conductivity

is

found

in

simple

craters,

while

more

complex

craters

have

gradually

increasing

electrical

con-

ductivity

from

the

central

uplift

to

the

marginal

rim.

The

conductivity

is

dominated

by

the

fracture

extent

and

water

content.

Low

seismic

velocity

is

mainly

due

to

the

lower

velocity

of

fractured

breccia

and

fractures

relative

to

the

original

rock.

In

addition,

seismic

reflection

profiling

has

found

that

impact

structures

have

distinct

concave

shapes.

Internationally,

there

are

abundant

research

on

the

geophysical

exploration

of

impact

craters.

However,

in

China,

•

154

•