生物专业英语蒋悟生版本第三课.pptVIP

***********LessonThreeCellularReproduction:MitosisandMeiosis——xx班xx1.TheNucleusandChromosomesThecellnucleusisthemainrepositoryofgeneticinformation.WithinthenucleusarethechromosomestightlycoiledstrandsofDNAandclustersofassociatedproteins.LongstretchesofthecontinuousDNAmoleculewindaroundtheseclustersofproteins,orhistones,formingbeadlikecomplexesknownasnucleosomes.Morecoilingandsupercoilingproducesadensechromosomestructure.EachlongstrandofDNAcombineswithhistonesandnonhistoneproteinstomakeupthesubstancechromatin.细胞核是贮藏遗传信息的主要场所。细胞核里是染色体——盘旋成螺旋线的DNA和相关的成簇蛋白质。DNA螺旋线缠绕成簇的蛋白质或组蛋白形成珠链状的核小体。这些螺旋和超螺旋形成致密的染色体组结构。每个长链DNA与组蛋白和非组蛋白一起构成染色质物质。Apictorialdisplayofanorganismschromosomesinthecoiled,condensedstateisknownasakaryotype.Karyotypesrevealthatinmostcellsallbutsexchromosomesarepresentastwocopies,referredtoashomologouspairs.Non-sexchromosomesarecalledautosomes.Organismswhosecellscontaintwosetsofparentalchromosomesarecalleddiploid;thosewithcellscontainingasinglesetofparentalchromosomesarecalledhaploid.染色体致密的超螺旋状态称为染色体组。除了性染色体外，大多数细胞的染色体组成对出现，称同源染色体对。非性染色体称常染色体。生物细胞含有两套父母本染色体的称二倍体；含有单套染色体的称单倍体。2.TheCellCycleThecellcycleisaregularsequenceinwhichthecellgrows,preparesfordivision,anddividestoformtwodaughtercells,eachofwhichthenrepeatsthecycle.Suchcyclingineffectmakessingle-celledorganismsimmortal.Manycellsinmulticellularorganisms,includinganimalmuscleandnervecells,eitherslowthecycleorbreakoutofitaltogether.在细胞生长过程中，细胞循环遵循特定程序，分裂准备，分裂成2个子细胞，子细胞再循环。此循环使得单细胞永生。多细胞生物中的许多细胞，包括动物肌肉和神经细胞，要么降低循环速度，要么同时分裂。Thenormalcellcycleconsistsoffourphases.ThefirstthreeincludeG1,theperiodofnormalmetabolism;Sphase,duringwhichnormalsynthesisofbiologicalmoleculescontinues,DNAisreplicated,andhistonesaresynthesized;andG2,abriefperiodofmetab