Lecture 3s(本)分析和总结.docx

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Lecture3

TheWordsofLanguage

ByLanChun(25March,2014)

Warming-upquestion:Whatdoesknowingawordmean?

OpenandClosedClassesofWords

Openclassesincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.

Theothersyntacticcategories,i.e.conjunctions,prepositions,pronounsandarticles,areclosedsets.

Theseparationbetween“open”and“closed”classesofwordshaspsychologicalandneurologicalvalidity.

WordSets

Somewordsseemtoberelatedtoeachotherinaspecialway.

phone

phone

phoneticphoneticianphoneticsphonologyphonologist

phonological

phonic

phonemephonemicallophonetelephonetelephonic

euphonious

A

A

desirablelikelyinspiredhappydeveloped

sophisticated

B

undesirableunlikelyuninspiredunhappyundeveloped

unsophisticated

Thestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andoftherulesbywhichwordsareformed,iscalledmorphology.

Morphemes:TheMinimalUnitsofMeaning

Amorphememaybedefinedastheminimallinguisticsign,agrammaticalunitin

whichthereisanarbitraryunionofasoundandameaningandthatcannotbefurtheranalyzed.

Asinglewordmaybecomposedofoneormoremorphemes:

boy,desire

boy,desireboyish,desirable

boyishness,desirabilitygentlemanliness,undesirabilityungentlemanlinessantidisestablishmentarianism

BoundandFreeMorphemes

Freemorphemescanconstitutewordsbythemselves.Boundmorphemesareneverwordsbutalwayspartsofwords.Theycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixes(un-,pre-,dis-,etc.)andsuffixes(-ish,-able,-ness,-ly,etc.).

Somelanguagesalsohaveinfixes.

MorphologicalRulesofWordFormation

Morphologicalrulesareruleswhichrelatetotheformationofwords.Theydeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformnewwords.

DerivationalMorphemes

NOUN

NOUNTOADJECTIVE

boy+ishvirtu+ousElizabeth+an

picture+esqueaffection+atehealth+fulalcohol+ic

life+like

VERBTONOUN

acquit+alclear+anceaccus+ationconfer+encesing+erconform+istpred