微生物学微生物学 (32).docVIP

Afterreadingthissection,youshouldbeableto:

?EvaluatetheimportanceofthecontributionstomicrobiologymadebyHooke,Leeuwenhoek,Pasteur,Koch

?PredictthedifficultiesthatmightarisewhenusingKochspostulatestodetermineifamicrobecausesadiseaseuniquetohumans

Inthefieldofobservation,chancefavorsonlypreparedminds.

------LouisPasteur

Wewilllearningthissectionfromthefollowingaspects.

RobertHooke(1635-1703)iscreditedwithpublishingthefirstdrawingsofmicroorganismsinthescientificliterature.In1665hepublishedahighlydetaileddrawingofthefungusMucorinhisbookMicrographia.

AntonievanLeeuwenhoekisconsideredafatherofmicrobiologyasheobservedandexperimentedwithmicroscopicorganisms,usingsimplemicroscopesofhisowndesign.

Thedevelopmentofmicroscopeswasthecriticalfirststepintheevolutionofmicrobiology.

Beginningin1673,LeeuwenhoeksentdetailedlettersdescribinghisdiscoveriestotheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Itisclearfromhisdescriptionsthathesawbothbacteriaandprotists.

AsimportantasLeeuwenhoeksobservationswere,thedevelopmentofmicrobiologyessentiallylanguishedforthenext200yearsuntiltechniquesforisolatingandculturingmicrobesinthelaboratorywereformulated.

Manyofthesetechniquesbegantobedevelopedasscientistsgrappledwiththeconflictoverthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

theItalianphysicianFrancescoRedi(1626-1697),chanllengedthethetheoryfirst.Heprovedthatmeatdidnotspontaneouslygeneratemaggots.However,manyresearchersdidexperimentstodebateonSpontaneousGeneration.

Finally,LouisPasteurdidExperimentswithSwan-NeckFlasks.

图片

Heplacednutrientsolutionsinflasks,heatedtheirnecksinaflame,anddrewthemoutintoavarietyofcurves方框.Theswan-neckflasksthatheproducedinthiswayhadnecksopentotheatmosphere.

方框Pasteurthenboiledtheso