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oluChapter8:Solutions
8.6ColligativeProperties8.6.1GeneralProperties8.6.2BoilingPointElevationandFreezingPointDepression8.6.3Osmosis8.6.4Colloids
LearningOutcomesAfterviewingthisvideoyouareexpectedtobeabletousetheequationrelatingthechangeinpartialpressureofasolutiontomolefractionofsolutionandthevapourpressureofpuresolventtoanswerspecificquestions
Loweringofthefreezingpointandraisingoftheboilingpointarephysicalpropertiesofsolutionsthatdependonthequantity(concentration)butnotonthekindoridentityofthesoluteparticles.Suchpropertiesarecalledcolligativeproperties.(Colligativemeans“dependingonthecollection”;colligativepropertiesdependonthecollectiveeffectofthenumberofsoluteparticles.)Inadditiontofreezing-pointloweringandboiling-pointraising,twootherimportantcolligativepropertiesarevapor–pressureloweringandosmoticpressure.Asweexamineeachone,noticehowsoluteconcentrationquantitativelyaffectstheproperty.VideolinkColligativeProperties
ColligativeProperties
Vaporpressureisthepressureexertedbythevapourwhenitisatequilibriumwiththeliquid(thatis,whentherateofvaporizationequalstherateofcondensation).Asubstancethathasnomeasurablevapourpressureisnon-volatile,whereasonethatexhibitsavapourpressureisvolatile.Asolutionconsistingofavolatileliquidsolventandanon-volatilesoluteformsspontaneouslybecauseoftheincreaseinentropythataccompaniestheirmixing.Ineffect,thesolventmoleculesarestabilizedintheirliquidstateandthushavealowertendencytoescapeintothevaporstate.Therefore,whenanon-volatilesoluteispresent,thevaporpressureofthesolventislowerthanthevaporpressureofthepuresolvent.Vapour-PressureLowering
Ideally,thevaporpressureofavolatilesolventaboveasolutioncontaininganon-volatilesoluteisproportionaltothesolvent’sconcentration
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