基础化学基础化学 (19).ppt

Chapter3:PeriodicClassificationoftheElements

3.3IndividualClassificationofAlkalineEarthElements,Chalcogens,HalogensandNobleGases3.3.2GroupXVI-TheChalcogens3.3.3GroupXVII-TheHalogens

Thehalogens(fromtheGreekhalosandgennao,meaning“saltformers”)arenon-metals.Themeltingandboilingpointsincreasewithincreasingatomicnumber.Fluorine(paleyellow)andchlorine(yellow-green)aregasesat25?C,bromine(red-brown)isaliquidandiodine(metallicpurple)isasolid.Astatineismetallicinnatureandblackincolour.Thegrouptendencyistoformionsofcharge1-.Theyreactwithmostmetalstoformionichalidese.g.H2(g)+X2?2HX(g)3.3.3.GroupXVII–TheHalogens

MeltingandBoilingPointsoftheHalogensElementMeltingpointBoilingpointFluorine-219?C,54K-188?C,85KChlorine-101?C,172K-34?C,239KBromine-7?C,266K59?C,332KIodine114?C,387K184?C,457KAstatine302?C,575K380?C,653K

ThegeneralpropertiesoftheGroupVIIelementschlorine,bromineandiodineareasfollows:Theybehavechemicallyinasimilarway.Theyarenon-metals.Theyallexistasdiatomicmoleculesatroomtemperature.Theyareveryreactiveandreadilyformsalts.GeneralPropertiesoftheGroupXVIIElements

ThegeneralpropertiesoftheGroupVIIelementschlorine,bromineandiodineareasfollows:Incompoundsahalogenatomincreasesitsshareofelectronsfromseventoeightbyionicorcovalentbonding.Thereactivityoftheelementsdecreasesondescendingthegroup.Theyexhibitarangeofoxidationstates.Theelectronegativityoftheelementsdecreasesondescendingthegroup.Theiroxidisingabilitydecreasesondescendingthegroup.GeneralPropertiesoftheGroupXVIIElements

3.3.3.GroupXVII–TheHalogens

PhysicalPropertiesoftheGroupXVIIElements

Thissampleofuranitecontainsavanishinglysmallamountof?astatine.EmilioSegrè,oneofitsdiscoverersAstatine–TheSecond-LastElementinGroupXVII

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