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TheBPSmodelreferstoapositionspeltoutmostclearlybyGeorgeEngel(Engel,1980).Hearguedthatforpsychiatrytogenerateafullyscientificandinclusiveaccountofmentaldisorder,bio-reductionistaccountsshouldbesupersededbyones,whichadheretotheinsightsofgeneralsystemstheory,developedbythebiologistsLudwigvonBertalanffyandPaulWeiss.Thisentailsacceptingthefollowingassumptions:1Mentaldisorder(likeothermedicalconditions)emergeswithinindividualswhoarepartofawholesystem.
2Thiswholesystemhasphysicalelements,whicharebothsub-personal(anervoussystemcontainingorgansandnetworkscomprisedofcells,whichinturnarecomprisedofmoleculesandatoms)andsupra-personal.Thelatterentailindividualsexistinginapsychosocialcontextofincreasingcomplexity(twoperson,family,community,culture,societyandbiosphere).
3Theelementsjustdescribedcanbeconceptualisedasasystems’hierarchyentailinglevelsoforganisation.Generalsystemstheoryisaxiomaticaboutsuchhierarchiesofknowledge.Lowerlevelsoforganisationarenecessaryforhigheronestoexistbuttheyarenotsufficienttodescribe,orexplain,theirnature.Witheachhigherleveloforganisationemergentcharacteristicsappear,whicharenotpresentatlowerlevels.Thismaycreateatensionbetweenholisticandreductionistknowledgeclaimsinbothnaturalandhumanscience.
4Attemptsataccountingformentaldisorder,whichonlyrefertosub-personalfactors(thebiomedicalmodelinpsychiatry)willbereductionist.TwoconsequenceofreductionismarenotedbyEngel(andothersadvocatingtheBPSmodel).First,diagnosticandetiologicalaccountsfromabiomedicalapproachwillbepartialandthusscientificallyinadequate.Second,suchreductionistaccountsmaywelloffendhumanisticsensibilitiesandpsychiatrymightaccrueadehumanisingreputation.TheBPSmodelreferstoapositionspeltoutmostclearlybyGeorg
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