新编简明英语语言学教程.pdfVIP

新编简明英语语言学教程

ChapteroneIntroduction

一、定义

1.语言学Linguistics

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.普通语言学GeneralLinguistics

ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGeneral

linguistics.

3.语言language

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman

communication.

语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征DesignFeatures

Itreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethat

distinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特

征。

Arbitrariness任意性

Productivity多产性

Duality双重性

Displacement移位性

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Culturaltransmission文化传递

⑴arbitrariness

Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophistication

anditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsource

ofexpressions

⑵Productivity

Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.

⑶Duality

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,or

twolevels.

⑷Displacement

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromthe

immediatesituationsofthespeaker.

⑸Culturaltransmission

Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehaveto

betaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.this

showedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.notbyinstinct.

animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcalls

peculiartotheirspecies.

5.语言能力Competence

Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhis

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language.

6.语言运用performance

Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgein

linguisticcommunication.

语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际