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Lecture7:CompetingExplorations(ii)DrArleneCrampsie
MongolsPoland–Japan,largestcontiguouslandempireEmergedfrombarbariangroupsofsteppesUnitedunderTemuchin(GenghisKhan(1206))Feudalstructure‘TheDevil’sHorsemen’–drums,bells,war-criesGreatfortakeover,notsogoodforgoverningVicious,plundering,massacresMostsuccessfulonfamiliarterrainofsteppe(grassforhorses)Jungle,swamp,rivers,humidity,temperatures
Barbaricattacksonpeople–siegesandmassacresRomansdidthistoo–CarnutesatCenabum(Gaul)800of40,000survivedByzantinealliancewithMongols(ended1341)Successiondisputeseventuallysplitempirebyend14thCOtherfactor?ReturntoChineseIndependenceSilkRoaddisturbedasaresultofpolitical,socialandculturalcollapse1452ConstantinoplefallstoOttomanEmpire
ChineseExpansionMongolsreplacedbyMingdynasty(1368–1644)FocusoftradehadshiftedseawardduetoMongolsearlierwarsChinesetradenetworksfromYangtzetoSEAsia,EastIndies,India,PersianGulf,RedSeaMongolscapitalisedwithshipstoreachJapan(4,400ships)Mingsexpandedshipbuilding–20-30,000workersinNanjingshipyards1405AdmiralZhengHe:‘treasureships’
Headrick,D.(2010)Poweroverpeoples:technology,environments,andWesternimperialism,1400tothepresent.
ChineseSeaVoyages317ships,27,000men:SEAsiaandIndianOceanLargest400ftlong(5xColumbus’s),1000people,morethan1000tonsofcargoSilk,porcelain,ceremonialgoods–tradeandgiftsWarships,troops,horses,suppliesandwater7fleets–Vietnam,Indonesia,India,Ceylon,E.AfricaTreatiesoftradeandtributeoroverthrow/captureofrulersCouldhavereachedAmerica?
RationaleforExplorationChineseruler–prestigeandtrade–uncharteredoceans,undiscoveredlands?GrandcanalopenedtradeYangtze–Yellow–Beijingcompleted1411,createdsingletradezoneThreatsfromnomadsinWest,needfordefence-GreatWall,expenseEurope–lossofsilkroad–tradeP
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