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**SlideV/13Biguanidesworkprincipallyattheliver,decreasinghepaticglucoseoutput.155Metformin,theonlybiguanideavailable,isparticularlyusefulinobesepatientsas
itdoesnotproduceweightgainandmayfacilitateweightreduction.Sideeffects,particularlythoseaffectingthegastrointestinalsystem,arenotuncommon,however,andcareisnecessarytoavoidlacticacidosis,themostdangeroussideeffect.TheUKPDSprovidesevidenceofitsbenefitassingletherapy,withequivocalresultsincombinationwithasulfonylurea.107SulfonylureasreducebloodglucoseconcentrationsbystimulatinginsulinsecretionthroughtheireffectonATP-sensitivepotassiumchannelsinthebetacell.155Theiruseisassociatedwithweightgain,theirlong-termsafetyasregardsmacrovasculardiseasehasbeenindoubtsincepublicationoftheUGDPstudy;137however,thiswasnotconfirmedintheUKPDS.50Alpha-glucosidaseinhibitorsdecreaseglucoseabsorptionbyinhibitingthebreakdownofdisaccharidestomonosaccharides.TheyreducepostprandialglycemiaandHbA1clevels.156Poortolerabilityduetomildtomoderategastrointestinalsideeffectslimitstheiruse.Thethiazolidinedionesareanewclasswhosefirstmemberistroglitazone.157Theseagonistsforperoxisomeproliferator-activatedreceptor(PPAR)gammaimproveinsulinsensitivityinmuscleandadiposetissue.155Theclassiseffectivealoneandparticularlyincombinationwithsulfonylureasormetformin.Useoftroglitazonerequirescarefulmonitoringbecauseofidiosyncratichepatictoxicity.157Type2diabeticsoftenneedinsulineventually,158butitcanbeassociatedwithweightgain.Combininginsulinwithmetforminortroglitazoneisuseful.**α葡萄糖苷酶将小分子复合糖分解为单糖,主要为葡萄糖,方能吸收,抑制该酶延缓肠道碳水化合物的吸收**模拟自然的胰岛素治疗基础/餐时胰岛素概念胰岛素能使大多数2型糖尿病患者的血糖降到正常。基础/餐时胰岛素的概念是通过胰岛素治疗,来模拟非糖尿病个体的血糖。基础胰岛素抑制葡萄糖的产生,从而使两餐之间和夜间的血糖保持稳定。基础胰岛素占全天所需胰岛素总量的50%。餐时胰岛素控制餐后高血糖,每餐的需要量占全天所需胰岛素总量的10%-20%。胰岛素替代治疗时,应根据患者的需要选择不同作用特点的胰岛素。
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