分析化学英文课件CH16 Spectroscopy, introduction.ppt

Chapter16Anintroductiontospectroscopicanalysis1

OutlineElectromagneticradiation(EMR)WhenEMRmeetsmatterSpectroscopicmethodsBasiccomponentsforspectroscopicanalysis2

Electromagneticradiation(EMR)Radiofrequencytoγray3

γ=Gammarays MIR=MidinfraredHF=Highfreq.HX=HardX-RaysFIR=FarinfraredMF=Mediumfreq.SX=SoftX-RaysRadiowaves LF=Lowfreq.EUV=ExtremeultravioletEHF=Extremelyhighfreq.VLF=Verylowfreq.NUV=NearultravioletSHF=Superhighfreq.VF/ULF=Voicefreq.VisiblelightUHF=Ultrahighfreq.SLF=Superlowfreq.NIR=NearInfraredVHF=VeryhighfreqELF=Extremelylowfreq. 4

Propertiesoflightandelectromagneticradiation5

Lightandelectromagneticradiation

Electromagneticradiationisviewedasbothawaveandaparticleastreamofdiscreteparticles,orwavepackets,ofenergycalledphotonswhereenergyisproportionaltothefrequencyoftheradiation. PlanckrelationorthePlanck–EinsteinequationThesedualviewsofradiationasparticlesandaswavesarenotmutuallyexclusivebut,rathercomplementary.Indeed,thewave-particledualityisfoundtoapplytothebehaviorofstreamsofelectrons,protons,andotherelementaryparticlesandiscompletelyrationalizedbywavemechanics.6

EMR(JamesClerkMaxwell,1831-1879)hasbothelectricandmagneticfieldcomponentsoscillateinphaseperpendiculartoeachotherperpendiculartothedirectionofenergypropagation7

EMRasaclassicalsinusoidalwavemodelFrequency(ν):thenumberofoscillationsofthefieldthatoccurpersecond,s-1.Wavelength(λ):thelineardistancebetweenanytwoequivalentpointsonsuccessivewaves(e.g.successivemaximaorminima).8

Wavenumber(ν):definedasthereciprocalofthewavelengthincentimeters(widelyusedinIR)Invacuum:c=νλ=3.0×108m/s=3.0×1010cm/sInanycondensematerial:c3.0×108m/s,duetotheinteractionofEMRwiththeelectronsinthemedia.Iftheradiantfrequencyisconstant(fixedbytheso