培优练（十五）2025高考英语大二轮考前培优练C、D篇强化组合练.DOCX

eq\a\vs4\al\co1(培优练（十五）32分钟)

Ⅰ.阅读理解

(2023·湖北重点中学高三联考)

AnunlikelyscandalaffectedtheBritishgovernmentgreatly.Afterthegovernmentwasforcedtocancelthe“A－level”examsthathelpdetermineuniversityadmission,theBritisheducationregulatorusedanalgorithm(算法)topredictwhatscoreeachstudentwouldhavereceivedontheirexam.

Thealgorithmreliedinpartonhowtheschool’sstudentshadhistoricallyfaredontheexam.Schoolswithricherchildrentendedtohavebettertrackrecords,sothealgorithmgavewealthystudents—eventhoseontrackforthesamegradesaspoorstudents—muchhigherpredictedscores.High－achieving,low－incomepupilswhoseschoolshadnotpreviouslyperformedwellwerehitparticularlyhard.Afterthreatsoflegalactionandwidespreaddemonstrations,thegovernmentbackeddownandcanceledthealgorithmicgradingprocessentirely.Thiswasn’tanisolatedincident：IntheUnitedStatessimilarissuestroubledtheInternationalBaccalaureateexam,whichusedanopaque(不透明的)artificialintelligencesystemtosetstudents’scores,promptingprotestsfromthousandsofstudentsandparents.

Theseepisodeshighlightsomeofthetrapsofalgorithmicdecision－making.Astechnologyadvances,companies,governments,andotherorganizationsareincreasinglyrelyingonalgorithmstopredictimportantsocialoutcomes,usingthemtodistributejobs,forecastcrime,andeventrytopreventchildabuse.Thesetechnologiespromisetoincreaseefficiency,enablemoretargetedpolicyintervention,andremovehumanimperfectionsfromdecision－makingprocesses.Butcriticsworrythatopaquemachinelearningsystemswillinfactreflectandfurtherkeepshortcomingsinhoworganizationstypicallyfunction—includingbyestablishingtheracial,class,andgenderprejudicesofthesocietiesthatdevelopthesesystems.

Butthereisanevenmorebasicconcernaboutalgorithmicdecision－making.Evenintheabsenceofsystematicclassorracialprejudice,whatif