工程化学基础习题参考答案.docxVIP

工程化学基础习题参考答案

??第一章化学反应中的质量关系和能量关系

习题

1.计算下列反应的质量亏损和释放的能量：

\(2H+3H\longrightarrow4He+n\)

已知各粒子的质量：\(m(^{2}H)=2.014102u\)，\(m(^{3}H)=3.016049u\)，\(m(^{4}He)=4.002603u\)，\(m(n)=1.008665u\)。

2.已知下列反应的标准摩尔焓变：

\(H_{2}(g)+\frac{1}{2}O_{2}(g)\longrightarrowH_{2}O(l)\)\(\Delta_{r}H_{m}^{\ominus}=285.8kJ/mol\)

\(C_{3}H_{8}(g)+5O_{2}(g)\longrightarrow3CO_{2}(g)+4H_{2}O(l)\)\(\Delta_{r}H_{m}^{\ominus}=2220kJ/mol\)

\(C(s)+O_{2}(g)\longrightarrowCO_{2}(g)\)\(\Delta_{r}H_{m}^{\ominus}=393.5kJ/mol\)

计算反应\(3C(s)+4H_{2}(g)\longrightarrowC_{3}H_{8}(g)\)的\(\Delta_{r}H_{m}^{\ominus}\)。

3.已知\(298K\)时，\(H_{2}(g)\)、\(O_{2}(g)\)、\(H_{2}O(l)\)的标准摩尔生成焓分别为\(0kJ/mol\)、\(0kJ/mol\)、\(285.8kJ/mol\)，计算反应\(2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)\longrightarrow2H_{2}O(l)\)在\(298K\)时的\(\Delta_{r}H_{m}^{\ominus}\)。

参考答案

1.

首先计算反应前后的质量亏损\(\Deltam\)：

反应前质量：\(m_{前}=2m(^{2}H)+m(^{3}H)=2\times2.014102u+3.016049u=7.044253u\)

反应后质量：\(m_{后}=m(^{4}He)+m(n)=4.002603u+1.008665u=5.011268u\)

质量亏损\(\Deltam=m_{前}m_{后}=7.044253u5.011268u=2.032985u\)

根据质能公式\(E=\Deltamc^{2}\)（\(c=2times10^{8}m/s\)），\(1u=1.660538921\times10^{27}kg\)。

先将质量亏损换算为\(kg\)：\(\Deltam=2.032985\times1.660538921\times10^{27}kg\)

再计算能量：\(E=\Deltamc^{2}=2.032985\times1.660538921\times10^{27}kg\times(2times10^{8}m/s)^{2}\)

\(E=3.037\times10^{12}J\)

换算为\(kJ/mol\)：\(N_{A}=6.022\times10^{23}mol^{1}\)

\(E=\frac{3.037\times10^{12}J\times6.022\times10^{23}mol^{1}}{1000J/kJ}=1.829\times10^{9}kJ/mol\)

2.

根据盖斯定律：

对已知反应进行如下组合：

反应③\(\times3\)得：\(3C(s)+3O_{2}(g)\longrightarrow3CO_{2}(g)\)\(\Delta_{r}H_{m1}^{\ominus}=3\times(393.5kJ/mol)=1180.5kJ/mol\)

反应①\(\times4\)得：\(4H_{2}(g)+2O_{2}(g)\longrightarrow4H_{2}O(l)\)\(\Delta_{r}H_{m2}^{\ominus}=4\times(285.8kJ/mol)=1143.2kJ/mol\)

反应②的逆反应：\(3CO_{2}(g)+4H_{2}O(l)\longrightarrowC_{3}H_{8}(g)+5O_{2}(g)\)\(\Delta_{r}H_{m3}^{\ominus}=2220kJ/mol\)

则\(\Delta_{r}H_{m}^{\ominus}=\Delta_{r}H_{m1}^{\ominus}+\Delta_{r}H_{m2}^{\ominus}+\Delta_{r}H_{m3}^{\ominus}\)

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