讲座十种谬误论点3lecture fallacious forms of argument演讲.pptxVIP

Lecture13:

TenFallaciousformsofArgument

1-3HowardBarrell,CardiffUniversity

IntroductionTherearemanyfamiliar,identifiableformsofargumentthatrelyonfallaciousreasoning.Wewillbesurveyingmerely10ofthemostcommonofthem.Youcansurveyafullerlist,ifyouwish:inWilliamHughes,CriticalThinking:anintroductiontothebasicskills(Ontario:BroadviewPress,2002)whichIhighlymend,orontheInternetat

Fallacy1:BeggingthequestionExample1.1 Concentrationcampguard:‘IwasjustifiedinreleasingthegaswhichkilledtheJewishprisonersbecauseIwasorderedtodosobymysuperiors.’ Interrogator:‘Buthowcanyousaythat?It’smurder.’ Concentrationcampguard:‘Becauseitisrighttoobeyordersfromabove,evenifitinvolveskillingothers.’

Fallacy1:BeggingthequestionExample1.2 Ilir:‘Ideservealargersalarythanyoubecause,asnewseditor,myjobismoreimportanttothenewspaperthanyours.’ Albana:‘Idisagree.Ascompanylawyermyjobisjustasimportantasyours–perhapsmoreimportantsinceIamalwayshavingtorescuethecompanyfromthelegalconsequencesofyourmistakes.’ Ilir:‘Ohno,myjobismoreimportantthanyoursbecauseIgetpaidmorethanyoudo.’

Fallacy1:BeggingthequestionExample1.3 ThebiblefrequentlysaysthatitisthewordofGod,andthewordofGodisalwaystrue.Therefore,whatevertheBiblesaysistrue.

Fallacy1:BeggingthequestionBeggingthequestion Theexamplesjustgiven(1.1-1.3)illustrateaformoffallaciousargumentcalled‘beggingthequestion’. Anargumentbegsthequestionwhenthepremissespresuppose,directlyorindirectly,thetruthoftheconclusion. Putanotherway,theconclusionoftheargumentmaybetrue,butthepremissesdonotsupportitbecausetheypresupposeit. Note:BeggingtheQuestiondoesNOTmean‘promptingaquestion’;itmeanspresupposingtheanswertoaquestionorpresupposingtheconclusiontoanargument.

Fallacy2:Incons