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August31,2006
Chapter
6Strongandweakformsformulti-
dimensionalscalarfieldproblems
Inthenextthreechapterswewillretracethesamepathwehavejusttraversedfor
one-dimensionalproblemsformulti-dimensionalproblems.Wewillagainfollowthe
roadmapinFigure3.1,startingwiththedevelopmentofthestrongformandweakform
inthisChapter.However,wewillnowconsideramorenarrowclassofproblems;we
havecalledthesescalarproblemsbecausetheunknownsarescalarsliketemperatureora
potential.Themethodswhichwillbedevelopedinthesechaptersapplytoproblemssuch
assteady-stateheatconduction,idealfluidflow,electricfields,anddiffusion-advection.
Inordertoprovideaphysicalsettingforthesedevelopments,wewillfocusonheat
conductionintwodimensions,butdetailswillbegivenforsomeoftheseother
applications.
AscanbeseenfromtheroadmapinFigure3.1,thefirststepindevelopingafinite
elementmethodistoderivethegoverningequationsandboundaryconditions,whichare
thestrongform.Wewillseethatintwodimensions,justasbefore,wewillhaveessential
andnaturalboundaryconditions.Usingaformulasimilartointegrationbyparts,wewill
thendevelopaweakform.Finally,wewillshowthattheweakformimpliesthestrong
form,sothatwecanusefiniteelementapproximationsfortrialsolutionstoobtain
approximatesolutionstothestrongformbysolvingtheweakform.
Oneaspectthatwewillstressintheextensiontotwodimensionsisitssimilarityto
theonedimensionalformulation.Themajorequationsintwodimensionsarealmost
identicalinstructuretothoseinonedimension,somostofthelearningeffortcanbe
devotedtolearningwhattheseexpressionsmeanintwodimensions.Theexpressionsfor
thestrongandweakformintwodimensions,bytheway,areidenticaltothoseforthre
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