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2024年英语专八考试阅读理解练习题辅导
英语专八考试阅读理解练习题辅导1
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowthe
classicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,
formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,
andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheir
day-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatis
vaguelytermedintuitiontomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthat
requirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;
andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.
Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsome
practicingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,such
writersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitasthe
oppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness.
Isenbergsrecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagers
revealsthatmanagersintuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,senior
managersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.First,they
intuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyon
intuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.This
intuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsof
painstakingpracticeandhands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.Athird
functionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpractice
intoanintegratedpicture,ofteninanAha!experience.Fourth,some
managersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.
Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysis
modelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreaching
decisionsareoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethods
whichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,
managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidly
toengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmost
instantaneouscogn
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