奥运选手排列与代数问题.pdfVIP

1.Inthefuture,eachcountryintheworldproducesitsOlympicathletesviacloningandstricttraining

programs.Therefore,inthefinalsofthe200mfree,therearetwoindistinguishableathletesfromeach

ofthefourcountries.Howmanywaysaretheretoarrangethemintoeightlanes?

Answer:2520

8!=7!=2520

(2!)42

333

2.Factorcompletelytheexpression(a−b)+(b−c)+(c−a).

Answer:3(a−b)(b−c)(c−a)

Theexpressioniszerowhenanytwoofa,b,andcareequal.Soitmusthave(ab)(bc)(ca)asa

−−−

factor.Buttheoriginalpolynomialisdegree3,andsoisthisone,sotheremainingfactormustbea

2

constant.Theoriginalpolynomialcontainsaterm3ab,but(ab)(bc)(ca)onlycontainsaterm

−−−

2

ab,sotheconstantmustbe3.

3.Ifxandyarepositiveintegers,andx4+y4=4721,findallpossiblevaluesofx+y.

Answer:13

Considertheequationmodulo5.Allfourthpowersareeither0or1mod5.Sooneofxandymustbe

divisibleby5;supposeit’sx.Thenwemustinfacthavex=5,sincex=10istoolarge.Thisgives

y=8,andthisistheonlypossiblesolution.Sotheansweris13.

4.Howmanywaysaretheretowrite657asasumofpowersoftwowhereeachpoweroftwoisusedat

mosttwiceinthesum?Forexample,256+256+128+16+1isavalidsum.

Answer:41

Arecursionrelationshipdescribingthisproblemis

a1=1,a2=2,a2n=an+an−1,a2n+1=an

whereaisthenumberofv