05 社会和心理-2022-2023 高中高三英语阅读理解专项训练(含答案).docxVIP

高三英语试卷第PAGE5页共NUMPAGES10页

05社会和心理

Antibiotics,vaccines,organtransplantandHIV/AIDStreatmentsareallmedicalmilestonesthathaveindisputablymadelifebetterandsavedmillionsoflives.Butalltheseadvancesandcountlessothersweredevelopedusinganimals.Thelatesteyeshadowandothercosmeticsandindustrialchemicalsarealsodevelopedwithanimaltesting.

ThelabanimalissuehasreceivedattentioninChinainrecentyearsasmorepeopleareconcernedaboutanimals’rights.Chinahasnoanimalwelfarelawsprohibitingcrueltytoanimals,buttherearestandards(1986and2006)forhumanetreatmentoflabanimals,thoughthesearedifficulttoenforce.

WorldDayforLaboratoryAnimalswasestablishedin1979bytheBritishNationalAnti-VivisectionSociety,memorializingmillionsofanimalsthatcontributedtopurescience,medicine,industry,fashionandthecosmeticsindustry.It’salsoadayofactiontoprotesttheuseofliveanimalsforexperimentsfromlabratsanddogstocattleandprimates(灵长类动物).

Thousandsofactivistsworldwidearecampaigningtoraiseawarenessanddemandanendtoexperimentationwithanimals,thoughtherearefeweffectivealternatives.TheBritishUnionfortheAbolitionofVivisectionestimatesthat100millionvertebrates(脊椎动物)areusedinexperimentseveryyear,10to11millionintheEuropeanUnion.Thisdoesn’tincludemice,rats,frogsandanimalsnotyetweaned.TherearenoreliablefiguresforChinawherespeciallybredanimalsareusedextensivelyforresearch.Somedateindicatearound16millionvertebrateswereusedin2006.

ThreeRsprinciple

ThethreeRsareprinciplesforlabanimalwelfareproposedbymicrobiologistRLBurchandzoologistW.M.S.Russelin1959.Theyare“reduction,refinementandreplacement”andscientistsareencouragedtofollowthem.

*Reducethenumberofanimalsbyimprovingexperimentaltechniquesandincreasinginformationsharingamongresearchers.

*Refine