清华大学机械工程课程PPTCH2-SME-EngMater.pptVIP

PartITheFundamentalsChapter2–AtomicStructureandInteratomicBondingAtomiclevelstructure–Chapters2-5Microscopiclevelstructure–Chapter6Mechanicalproperties–Chapter7Howareatomsbondedtogetherinasolid?

2.1ElectronicStructureofAtoms–ElectronConfigurationsTheBohrAtomicModel(APlanetaryModel)1s2s2pK-shelln=1L-shelln=23s3pM-shelln=33d4s4p4dEnergyN-shelln=4DiscreteenergystatesofelectronsIsotopes:variablenumberofneurons.1.67?10-24geach-1.60?10-19Ceach

2.1ElectronicStructureofAtoms–ElectronConfigurations????

2.1ElectronicStructureofAtoms–ValenceElectronsValenceelectrons–thoseinunfilledshells(outermostshells)FilledshellsmorestableValenceelectronsaremostavailableforbondingandtendtocontrolthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesSodiumatomValenceelectron:inhigherenergystate,active

2.1ElectronicStructureofAtoms–ThePeriodicTableColumns:similarvalencestructureRareearthelements

2.1ElectronicStructureofAtoms–ElectronegativitySmallerelectronegativity:Readilygiveupvalenceelectronstobecome+ions(cations)Largerelectronegativity:Readilyacquirevalenceelectronstobecome–ions(anions).

2.2InteratomicBondingForcesandEnergiesAtomsinthebondedstateareinamorestableenergyconditionthanwhentheyareunbonded.EquilibriumSpacing:r0BondingEnergy:E0E0dependsonthetypeofatomicbonding,andaffectsmanyproperties(physicalandmechanical)ofmaterials.

2.3PrimaryInteratomicBonds–IonicBondingNaNa+ClCl-3s13p5CoulombicattractionRegularstackingofNa+andCl-ionsinsolidNaCl?Occursbetween+and-ions.?Requiresvalenceelectrontransfer.?Largedifferenceinelectronegativityrequired.?Nondirectional?Usuallystrong?Electricallyandthermallyinsulative

?Highlydirectional?Strong(aswithdiamond)orweak(variable)