第四章、两栖纲.pptVIP

第四章、两栖纲 两栖动物：胚胎和幼体必须在水中发育和生活，幼体经变态而形成的成体既可以在水中生活，也可以在潮湿的陆地上生活——水陆两栖。 两栖动物是脊椎动物由水生向陆生发展的过渡类型，现存两栖类的过渡性可从以下两方面反映出来： 1、从机能结构上看：两栖类既保留着水生祖先（鱼）的特征，同时又获得了一系列陆栖脊椎动物的特点。其躯体的框架结构、呼吸系统、循环系统的改变都是既适应于水生，又适应于陆生——水陆两栖。 2、从个体发育上看：卵受精需在水中进行，受精卵也要在水中发育。幼体（蝌蚪）生活于水中，经过变态成为成体后方能上陆生活。从蛙类的胚胎发育过程可直接观察到脊椎动物由水生到陆生演变的全过程。 Amphibians were the first vertebrates to attempt the transition from water to land. Strictly(严格地) speaking their crossopterygian(总鳍鱼) ancestors were the first vertebrates to make the attempt with any success--a feat that would have a poor chance now because present well--established competitors make it impossible for a poorly adapted transitional form to gain a foot hold .Amphibians are not completely land adapted and hover between aquatic and land environments. This double life is expressed in their name. Structurally they are between the fish on the one hand and the reptiles on the other. Although more or less adapted for a terrestrial existence, few of them can stray far from moist conditions, although many have developed devices for keeping their eggs out of open water where the larvae would be exposed to enemies(敌人) Amphibians were not the first to move onto land. Insects made the transition earlier and plants much earlier sti1l. The pulmonate snails （有肺的蜗牛） were experimenting with land as a suitab1e p1ace to live about the same time the ear1y amphibians were. Yet of all these, the amphibian story is of particular interest because their descendants(后代) became the most successful and advanced animals on earth. The more than 2,500 species of amphibians are grouped into three living orders: the newts（蝾螈） and salamanders of the order Urodela（有尾目）, least specialized and most aquatic of all amphibians: the frogs and toads（蟾蜍） of the order Anura（无尾目）, largest and most successful group of amphibians and closest to the stock（血缘关系） from which the higher tetrapods（四足动物） descended； and the highly specialized, secretive, earthworm-like caecilians（蚓螈） of the order Gymnophiona（裸