第一章 脊索动物门（ CHORDATES）.pptVIP

任课教师：济宁学院生命科学与工程系 胡树慧 联系电话 办公地点：理科教学楼A—415 E-mail：hxh3367@ QQ: 767630703 In the multicellular animal body, cells are divided into many types, with each type performing specific functions that help maintain homeostasis and benefit the body as a whole. Cell specialization allows the body to function in very sophisticated ways, but this division of labor also has certain hazards. When a particular group of cells is indispensable, its loss or injury can severely disable or even destroy the body. 适应辐射：凡是分类地位相近的物种，由于分别适应各种生活环境，经过长期演变，终于在形态结构上造成明显差异的现象，称为适应辐射。 Adaptive radiation: The formation of many new species following the availability of new environments or the development of a new adaptation. The evolution of of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to various new environmental opportunities and challenges 半索动物的分类地位： (一)有学者认为口索可能是最初出现的脊索,因此认为半索动物属于脊索动物门的一个亚门. (二)有学者认为口索不是脊索的同源器官,口索很可能是内分泌系统的一个器官.而且柱头虫具有许多无脊椎动物的特征,如具有腹神经索,开放式循环系统,肛在身体末端等特点.因此认为半索动物的分类地位应该是位于无脊椎动物与脊索动物之间的一个独立的门.  第一章 脊索动物门（ CHORDATES） Definition（脊索动物的定义） The great phylum chordata（脊索动物门） derives its name from one of the few common characteristics of this group --the notochord. This structure is possessed by all members of the phylum, either in the larval or embryonic stages or throughout life. The three distinctive characteristics that chordates apart from all other phyla are the notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits. These characteristics are always found in the early embryo, although they may be altered or may disappear altogether in later stages of the life cycle. These three features are so important that each merits a short description of its own. 第一节、脊索动物门的主要特征 一、终生或胚胎期具有脊索：是背部起支持体轴作用的一条有弹性又有硬度棒状结构，介于消化道和神经管之间。 * 来源： * 组成： * 出现时期： 脊索的出现在动物演化史上的意义 : 脊索的出现是动物演化史中的重大事件，使动物体的支持、保护和运动的功能获得质的飞跃；这一先驱结构在脊椎动物达到更为完善的发展，从而使其成为在动物界中占统治地位的一个类群。其意义如下： 1. 脊索（以及脊柱）构成支撑躯体的主梁，是体重的承受者，使内脏器官得到有力的支