计划与战略管理2.pptVIP

计划与战略管理 计划是管理的重要职能之一，本章对计划进行了系统的介绍。战略管理是管理学中的一门新兴学科，正日益受到企业界、理论界的重视。本章包括的内容主要有：基本的计划过程、计划的层次、战略管理的步骤 。 第一节：The basic planning process基本的计划过程 Because planning is a decision process, the important steps followed during formal planning are similar to the basic decision-making steps 因为计划是决策过程，所以正式计划的重要步骤与基本决策步骤是相似的。 Step one: situational analysis 情况分析 Situational analysis A process planners use, within time and resource constraints, to gather, interpret, and summarize all information relevant to the planning issue under consideration. 情况分析：指在一定的时间和资源的限制下，计划制定者收集、解释并概括所有与计划问题相关的信息的一个过程。 Planning begins with a situational analysis. A thorough situational analysis studies past events, examines current conditions, and attempts to forecast future trends 计划从情况分析开始。一项完整的情况分析要研究过去的事件、分析现有的条件并试图对未来趋势进行预测。 The outcome of this step is the identification and diagnosis of planning assumptions, issues, and problems. 这一步骤的结果是对计划假设、存在的问题进行确认和诊断。 Step two: alternative goals and plans 可选择的目标和计划 Based on the situational analysis, the planning process should generate alternative goals that may be pursued in the future and the alternative plans that may be used to achieve those goals. 基于情况分析，计划过程产生在未来要实现的可选择的目标和为达到这些目标所制定的可选择的计划。 Goal A target or end that management desires to reach 目标：管理者期望达到的目标或最终结果。 Goals should be specific, challenging, and realistic.目标应该是明确的、具有挑战性并且是可以实现的。 Goals should also be quantified and linked to a time frame. They should be acceptable to the managers and employees, and they should be consistent both within and among work units. 目标也应被量化并与一定的时间相联系。它们应该被管理者和员工所接受，并在每个工作单位内部和各个单位之间保持一致。 Plans The actions or means that managers intend to use to achieve organizational goals 计划：管理者为达到组织目标所采取的行动和方法。 At a minimum, this step should outline alternative actions that may lead to the attainment of each goal, the resources required to reach the goal through those means, and the obstacles that may develop.至少，这一步骤应明确为达到每一个目标应采取的行动、通过那些方式达到目标所需要的资源、以及可能遇到的障碍。 Step thre