外文翻译--土木工程.docVIP

Planimeter A planimeter is a mechanical device that is used to move a tracing point around the perimeter of the plotted area.It provides a value that is then multiplied by the square scale of the figure to calculate the figure’s area.A planimeter can be used on any figure no matter how irregular the figure’s shape might be. 测面器，求积仪 测面器是一个机械设备,用来移动围绕一个跟踪点绘制周边地区。它提供了一个值，这个值就是由该图的平方乘以比例值来计算出图形的面积。求积仪可以用于计算任何图形的面积，无论这个图形的面积有多么的不规则。 Trapezoidal Computations The mathematics of the area computations is often based on dividing the cross section drawing into parts.The computer can easily subdivide a cross section drawing into a large number of strips,calculate the area of each strip,and then sum the individual area to arrive at the area of a section.If the calculations must be made by hand,the area formula for a triangle and a trapezoid are used to compute the volume. 梯形计算 数学上对于一个面积的计算通常是基于把整体分成若干份的剖面，计算机可以很容易地划分成若干条大跨剖面图，计算出每个条带区域，然后总结出每个地区到达的截面面积。如果计算必须由手工进行，那么可以使用三角形和梯形的面积计算公式。 Area of a triangle = 1/2 hw [4.1] where h = height of the triangle w = base of the triangle 三角形面积=1/2 h * w h =三角形的高 W=三角形的底长 Area of a trapezoid = ( h1 + h2 )/2 * w [4.2] where (see Fig.4.6) w = distance between the two parallel sides h1 and h2 = the lengths of the two parallel sides 梯形的面积 = ( h1 + h2 )/2 * w W=两条平行边之间的距离 h1和h2=两条平行边的长度 The general trapezoidal formula for calculating area is Area = ( h0/2 + h1 + h2 + … + h n-1 + h n/2 ) * w [4.3] where (see Fig.4.6) w = distance between the two parallel sides h0…hn = the lengths of the indivedual adjacent parallel sides 梯形面积的一般计算公式是 面积 = ( h0/2 + h1 + h2 + … + h n-1 + h n/2 ) * w The precision achieved using this formula depends on the number of subdivisions,but is about ±0.5%. In the case of hillside construction,there can be both a cut area and a fill area in t