国际贸易理论外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 international trade theory Material Source: Boston college Author:James E.Anderson Adam Smith (1776) held that a country could gain from free trade. He pointed out that if one country has an absolute advantage over the other in one production and the other country has an absolute advantage over the first in another production, both countries gain from trading. But Smith failed to create a convincing economic theory of international trade. It is generally agreed that David Ricardo is the creator of the classical theory of international trade. The theories of comparative advantage and the gains from trade are usually connected with his name, even though many concrete ideas about trade existed before his Principles (Ricardo, 1817). In this theory the crucial variable used to explain international trade patterns is technology. The theory holds that a difference in comparative costs of production is the necessary condition for the existence of international trade. But this difference reflects a difference in techniques of production. According to this theory, technological differences between countries determine international division of labor and consumption and trade patterns. It holds that trade is beneficial to all participating countries. The Ricardian theory failed to determine the terms of trade, even though it can be used to determine the limits in which the terms of trade must lie. It was recognized long ago that in order to determine the terms of trade, it is necessary to build trade theory which not only takes account of the productive side but also the demand side. The neoclassical theory holds that the determinants of trade patterns are to be found simultaneously in the differences between the technologies, the factor endowments, and the tastes of different countries. Preference accounts for the existence of international trade even if technologies and factor endowments were completely identical between countries. The Marshallian offer curve has