国家竞争优势外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 The Competitive Advantage of Nations Material Source: .hk Author: Michael E. Porter National prosperity is created, not inherited. It does not grow out of a country’s natural endowments, its labor pool, its interest rates, or its currency’s value, as classical economics insists. A nation’s competitiveness depends on the capacity of its industry to innovate and upgrade. Companies gain advantage against the world’s best competitors because of pressure and challenge. They benefit from having strong domestic rivals, aggressive home based suppliers, and demanding local customers. In a world of increasingly global competition, nations have become more, not less, important. As the basis of competition has shifted more and more to the creation and assimilation of knowledge, the role of the nation has grown. Why are certain companies based in certain nations capable of consistent innovation? Why do they ruthlessly pursue improvements, seeking an evermore sophisticated source of competitive advantage? Why are they able to overcome the substantial barriers to change and innovation that so often accompany success? The answer lies in four broad attires of a nation, attributes that individually and as a system constitute the diamond of national advantage, the playing field that each nation establishes and operates for its industries. The four broad attributes of a nation are as follows: 1．Factor Conditions. The nations position in factors of production, such as skilled labor or infrastructure, necessary to compete in a given industry. 2. Demand conditions. The nature of home-market demand for the industrys product or service. 3. Related and supporting industries. The presence or absence in the nation of supplier industries that is internationally competitive. 4. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. The conditions in the nation governing how companies are created organized and managed, as well as the nature of domestic rivalry. The most important factors of producti