对外直接投资与服务贸易区位因素外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Foreign direct investments and relocations in business services Material Source: Institute of Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Author: Magdolna SASS East Central Europe, and inside it, Hungary are locations, where especially starting from 2000, more and more independent business services firms set up their operations and many big multinational firms concentrated their regional, European or even global service centre there. For example, in Hungary examples include for the first group EDS, SAP, GenPact, Diageo and IBM. As for the second group, among others, Alcoa, Vodafone, Exxon Mobil, Avis, Cemex, GE, InBev, Morgan Stanley, Celanese, Lexmark, British Telecom, Vodafone relocated certain regional, European or even global service functions to Hungary. Not only the number of projects grew significantly, but there were also some very big projects involved, employing thousands of new employees in their newly opened sites. (See e.g. Gál (2007), Sass (2008a) or Sass (2008b)) In many cases, these service functions are relocated, transferred from other, usually Western European locations, causing white collar job losses there. This is one reason why these movements figure highly in the (Western) media. Offshore outsourcing and offshoring of service activities is not a new phenomenon. (Metters, Verma, 2007) After and parallel to outsourcing/offshoring the low and medium skilled production processes in manufacturing, starting mainly from the nineties, the offshoring and offshore outsourcing of certain production processes of specific services from developed to other developed or emerging/developing countries has started to become more and more widespread. (UNCTAD, 2004) The process has been induced by technological development – in many various ways. As a result of technology developments, the fragmentation, division, standardisation, algorithms of services processes, evaluation of certain service process elements, digitali