某些聚合物损伤－破坏的力学行为分析.pdf

摘 要 高聚物是比较典型的粘弹性材料，其力学性能依赖于温度、负荷时间、加载速率 和应变幅值等条件。其中，温度和时间的影响尤其明显。在实际应用的许多工程结构 中，恒载荷下的长期蠕变性能是必须考虑的因素，而根据时间－应力等效原理，不同 应力水平下的蠕变可以等效为某一应力水平下的长期蠕变。本文采用有机玻璃（PMMA） 作不同应力水平下的蠕变试验，通过对试验结果的分析得到了非线性粘弹性本构方程， 据此可以对长期蠕变作出预测。 对于聚合物，当载荷水平较高或作用时间较长时，会出现非线性变形或变形局部 化现象，其往往表现为银纹。现有的研究表明，聚合物的断裂是一个从微观到细观， 再到宏观的过程，银纹的生长规律在其中起着桥梁的作用。本文在不同的应力水平下， 观测了PMMA 拉伸时银纹的生长过程，得出了损伤随时间的变化规律，并且定义了损伤 区的应力。这对于研究聚合物的强度和使用寿命具有重要意义。 文章最后将两个试验结果结合起来，得出了损伤区的应力－应变关系式，通过比 较发现它与蠕变试验得出的本构关系式，实质上是一致的。本文将宏观与细观结合起 来，研究了聚合物破坏之前的缺陷演化对材料力学性能的影响，在此基础上定义的损 伤区应力避免了不合理或不确切的假设，具有一定的适用性。 关键词：聚合物 非线性粘弹性 本构方程 银纹损伤 I ABSTRACT Polymers are typical viscoelastic materials, and their mechanical properties depend on temperature, loading time, loading speed and strain etc, among which the loading time and the temperature are the main influence factors. In practice, long-time creep behavior under constant stress is needed in most engineering structures. On the foundation of time-stress equivalent theory, long-time creep features can be evaluated in short time by enlarging the stress level. In this paper, PMMA specimens are used in creep experiment under different constant stresses. A nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equation is established through analysis of the test results, and the corresponding long-time creep can be predicted from those results. Polymers usually show nonlinear or local deformation under high stress or long-time load. The deformation localization will result in damage in the material, and the craze is a typical pattern in the damaged region of polymers. According to the existing research, the rupture of molecules induces the craze, and the extending of the craze will result in macro- crack. So the growth process of craze plays a very important role in the rupture of polymers. In this paper,