英语词汇5.pptVIP

VI. Changes in Word Meaning 6.1 Types of Changes Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer. Of these, extension and narrowing are by far the most common. 6.1.1 Extension Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized. Butcher one who kills goats one who kills animals Journal daily paper Periodical 6.1.2 Narrowing Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. Deer Animal in general deer Wife woman a married woman Girl young person of either sex female young person 6.1.3 Elevation Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. Nice Ignorant, foolish delightful, pleasant Angel messenger messenger of God knight servant rank below baronet earl man count Governor pilot head of a state Fond foolish affectionate Minister servant head of a ministry 6.1.4 Degradation Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. Boor a p