结构化学课件 第一章 量子力学基础.pdfVIP

第一章 量子力学基础 第一章 量子力学基础 1.1 量子力学的实验基础 1.1 量子力学的实验基础 十九世纪末期，经典物理学“完美”的理论 机械运动→牛顿(Newton )力学 电磁现象和光→麦克斯韦尔(Maxwell)方程 热现象→热力学和统计物理学(Boltzmann Gibbs) “The more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered, and these are now so firmly established that the possibility of their ever being supplanted in consequence of new discoveries is exceedingly remote Our future discoveries must be l ooked for in the sixth place of decima” Albert. A. Michelson(迈克耳逊) speech at the dedication of Ryerson Physics Lab, U. of Chicago 1894 Albert A. Michelson became the first 2 American to receive a Nobel Prize in physics, 1907 开尔文勋爵 1900年4月27 日(in the meeting of the Royal Institution of Great Britain) 开尔文勋爵 宣告物理学的大厦已经建成，以后只需对这座大厦作点小小的修补工 作就行了；另一方面他又认为“动力学理论断言热和光都是运动的方式，可 是现在，这种理论的优美性和明晰性被两朵乌云遮蔽得黯然失色了” ... The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory, which asserts heat and light to be modes of motion, is at present obscured by two clouds. The first came into existence with the undulatory theory of light ... it involved the question How could the Earth move through an elastic solid, such as essentially is the luminiferous ether? The second is the Maxwell-Boltzmann current doctrine regarding the partition of energy ... Kelvin, Lord William Thomson(1824-1907) Michelson-Morley 实验 黑体辐射 Kelvin, Lord William Thomson(1824-1907) 3 • 经典物理学的一些基本观点： • 经典物理学的一些基本观点： ①质量恒定，不随速度改变； ②物体的能量是连续变化； ③物体有确定的运动轨道； ④光