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Feature Topic
In this chapter we shall consider the identification
and use of costs in the future and the relationship
between volume of activity, costs, and profit.
We shall se that not all of the costs that appear to be
linked to a particular business decision are relevant to
it.
We shall consider how we can use knowledge of this
relationship to make decisions and to assess rick,
particularly in the context of short‐term decisions.
Chapter Skeleton
Define and distinguish between relevant costs, outlay
cost, and opportunity costs.
Identify and quantify the costs that are relevant to a
particular business decision.
Distinguish between fixed costs and variable costs,
volume, and profit.
Prepare a break‐even chart and deduce the break‐
even point for some activity.
Demonstrate the way in which marginal analysis can
be used when making short‐term decision.
8.1 The Relevant Costs
Historical Cost
Example 8.1
1. Opportunity cost
2. Relevant cost
3. Irrelevant cost
Example 8.2
Opportunity and Outlay Cost
When we are making decision concerning the future,
past costs(historic costs), are irrelevant. It is the
future opportunity costs and future outlay costs that
are of concern,
An opportunity cost can be defined as the value in
monetary terms of being deprived of the next‐best
opportunity in order to pursue a particular objective.
An outlay cost is an amount of money that will have
to be spent to achieve that objective.
Opportunity and Outlay Cost
To be relevant to a particular decision, a future outlay
cost, or opportunity cost, must satisfy both of the
following criteria
1. It must relate to the objectives of the business.
2. It must differ from one possible decision outcome
to the next.
Sunk Cost and Committed Cost
Sunk Cost is another way of saying past cost and the
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