定义产业集群外文翻译文献资料.docVIP

定义产业集群外文翻译 Defining Industry Clusters Material Source: Journal of Business Venturing Author: Nancy Lenhart WHAT ARE INDUSTRY CLUSTERS? Industry clusters are geographic concentrations of competing, complementary, or interdependent firm sand industries that do business with each other and/or have common needs for talent, technology, and infrastructure. The firms included in the cluster may be both competitive and cooperative. They may compete directly with some members of the cluster, purchase inputs from other cluster members, and rely on the services of other cluster firms in the operation of their business. Clusters may get their start in any number of ways. For example, a cluster may form around a large competitive firm, such as Medtronic in the Twin Cities or Microsoft in Seattle. The presence of and support of a major research institution may spur the development of a cluster, such as the information technology clusters in Silicon Valley and the Boston area. Special infrastructure conditions, or resources may also support the development of industry clusters. Examples include the wood products cluster in northern Minnesota, the wine industry in northern California, and tourism in southern Florida. Industry clusters are dynamic entities. They may change as the industries within them change or as external conditions change. For example, as the computer hardware industry changed, the Twin Cities and Boston hardware clusters lost prominence in their states’ economies and nationally. Both areas are trying Sometimes an industry cluster will spawn an entirely new cluster. The aerospace cluster in Southern California has spawned several other clusters that rely on related engineering skills and technologies. An important characteristic of clusters is that they are centered on firms that sell outside the local, state, or even national market. These exporting firms are driving forces in a regional or state economy. They bring money into the area and su