Frederick Sanger Walter Gilbert Paul Berg 1980 Sanger 、Gilbert Berg 诺贝尔化学奖 酶法核苷酸测序的设计者 Sanger测定了牛胰岛素的化学结构而获 1958 年的 Nobel 化学奖 化学测序法的设计者 DNA重组技术 regulation Central dogma An example of the application of central dogma sickle cell anemia HbsHbs HbAHbA HbAHbs phenotype What has caused this phenotype? A single mutation 血红蛋白由两条α链和两条β链构成四聚体,每条肽链都以非共价键与一个血红素相连接。α链由141个氨基酸组成,β链由146个氨基酸组成。 由于珠蛋白β链N-端的第6位疏水性的氨基酸取代负电性的亲水性的谷氨酸所引起,使镰刀型血红蛋白HbS在脱氧状态下比正常血红蛋白HbA的溶解度低5倍,于是在氧张力低的毛细血管区,HbS溶解度大大降低而形成管状结构凝胶化,导致红细胞成镰刀状。 What’s happened to these cells? This single mutation causes the deformation of the sickle cell hemoglobin Molecular diagnosis Vaso-occlusive crisis Splenic sequestration crisis Aplastic crisis 1988 McClintock (美) 可移动的遗传因子 (jumping gene or mobile element) Barbara McClintock 50年代初发现 88年获奖 1989 Altman & Cech(美)诺贝尔化学奖 发现了核酶(即某些RNA具有酶的功能) Sidney Altman Thomas R. Cech Chapter 1 Introduction Molecular biology seeks to explain the relationships between the structure and function of biological molecules and how these relationships contribute to the operation and control of biochemical processes. ---Turner et al. What is Molecular Biology? Molecular biology is the study of genes and their activities at the molecular level, including transcription, translation, DNA replication, recombination and translocation. --- Robert Weaver 分子生物学的概念 蛋白质及核酸等生物大分子结构和功能的研究都属于分子生物学的范畴,即从分子水平阐明生命现象和生物学规律 偏重于核酸(基因)的分子生物学,主要研究基因或DNA的复制、转录、 表达和调控等过程,以涉及与这些过程相关的蛋白质和酶的结构与功能的研究 基因的分子生物学 Molecular Biology 广义的分子生物学: 狭义的分子生物学: Genetics (chapter1 of the book) 1. Law of Segregation 2. Law of Independent Assortment 3.Law of linkage and exchange Gene is on the chromosome (chromosomal theory of heredity). Which molecule carries genetic information, Proteins or DNA? (chapter 2 of the book) The property of hereditary material: ①存储并表达遗传信息; ②能把遗传信息传递给子代; ③物理和化学性质稳定; ④有遗传变异的能力。 In 1928, English microbiologist Frederick Griffith ob
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